Composición del material particulado-PM 2.5 del aire de Cucuta-Colombia:Cuantificación de Hidrocarburos Aromaticos Policiclicos

Alfonso Quijano Parra, MC Parra Hernandez, ML Hernandez Hernandez

Resumen


El creciente interés existente en la actualidad por la investigación en el campo del material particulado atmosférico, se debe a la identificación de efectos adversos de este contaminante sobre la salud y los ecosistemas. El conocimiento de la composición química de las partículas que se encuentran en el aire es importante desde el punto de vista epidemiológico y técnico, ya que permite determinar el potencial efecto en la salud humana por la presencia de sustancias tóxicas y cancerígenas adheridas a este diminuto material.

La razón más importante que motiva el estudio de estos compuestos, tanto en la cantidad como en el tipo, son los peligros para la salud que presentan o pueden presentar las exposiciones a largo plazo. En este estudio se realizó la cuantificación de hidrocarburos aromáticos poli cíclicos (HAP) presentes en muestras de material particulado fracción respirable PM2.5 del aire de la ciudad de Cúcuta - Norte de

Santander- Colombia, inicialmente la materia orgánica presente en el material particulado PM2.5 se extrajo por ultrasonido con DCM como solvente de extracción,seguido de la concentración en un rotaevaporador, obteniéndose el extracto global,parte del cual se sometió a un proceso de fraccionamiento en una columna de silicagel ,obteniéndose finalmente tres fracciones. El contenido del extracto global y las tres fracciones se analizó en un cromatografo de gases Agilent 6890 plus con detector FID

para realizar la cuantificación de los HAP presentes en el material particulado PM2.5.Entre los HAPs  identificados se encuentran: Naftaleno, Fluoreno, Fenantreno, Benzo(a)antraceno, Pireno, Dibenzo(a,h) antraceno e Indeno (1,2,3,c-d-pireno),estos HAPs son compuestos  tóxicos, mutágenos y carcinógenos para los animales y los seres humanos

según la agencia internacional de investigación del cáncer (IARC)


Texto completo:

PDF

Referencias


Billet S, Garcon G, Dagher Z, Verdin A, Ledoux F, Cazier F, Courcot D, Aboukais A, Shirali P. Ambient particulate matter (PM2.5): physicochemical characterization and metabolic activation of the organic fraction in human lung epithelial cells (A549). Environmental Research.2007; : 212e223.

Nel AE, Xia T, Madler L, Li N. Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. Science.2006; 311:622–627.

Liden J, Ek A, Palmberg L, Okret S, Larsson K. Organic dust activates NFhB in lung epithelial cells. Respir. Med.2003; 97: 882–892.

Osornio-Vargas AR, Bonner JC, Alfaro-Moreno E, Martinez L, Garcia Cuellar C, Ponce-de-Leon Rosales S, Miranda J, Rosas I. Proinflammatory and cytotoxic effects of Mexico city air pollution particulate matter in vitro are dependent on particle size and composition. Environ. Health Persp.2003; 111: 1289–1293.

Pope CA, Dockery DW. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2006;56(6): 709–742.

Tsai FC, Apte MG, Daisey JM. An exploratory analysis of the relationship between mortality and the chemical composition of airborne particulate matter. Inhalation Toxicol. 2000;12:–135.

Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Goldbohm S, Fischer P, van den Brandt PA. Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study. Lancet. 2002; 360 (9341): 1203–1209.

Pio CA, Legrand M, Oliveira T, Afonso J, Santos C, Caseiro A, Fialho P, Barata F, Puxbaum H, Sanchez-Ochoa A, Kasper-Giebl A, Gelencser A, Preunkert S, Schock M. Climatology of aerosol composition (organic versus inorganic) at nonurban sites on a west-east transect across Europe. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 112.

Liu ZD, Liu HG, Wang B, Lu F, Huang SH, Wu DX, Han D.W. Aerosol observation in Fengtai area, Beijing. Particuology.2008; 6: 214e217.

Yang LX, Wang DC, Cheng SH, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Zhou XH, Wang WX. Influence of meteorological conditions and particulate matter on visual range impairment in Jinan, China. Science of the Total Environment .2007;383:e173.

Oliveira C, Pio C, Alves C, Evtyugina M, Santos P, Goncalves V, Nunes T, Silvestre AJD, Palmgren F, Wahlin P, Harrad S. Seasonal distribution of polar organic compounds in the urban atmosphere of two large cities from the North and South of Europe. Atmospheric Environment.2007; 41: e5570.

Nawrot TS, Nemery B. Response to findings on association between temperature and dosee response coefficient of inhalable particles (PM10) e response. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.2007; 61: e839.

Nawrot T, Torfs R, Fierens F, De Henauw S, Hoet P, van Kersschaever G, de Backer G, Nemery B. More people die in summer from fine particulate air pollution than in winter. Associations from a heavily polluted region in Western Europe. Epidemiology.2006; : S262.

Nemmar A, Inuwa IM. Diesel exhaust particles in blood trigger systemic and pulmonary morphological alterations. Toxicology Letters.2008; : 20e30.

Walker B, Mouton CP. Environmental influences on cardiovascular health. Journal of the National Medical Association.2008; : 98e102.

Marr L, Grogan LA, Wöhrnschimmel H, Molina LT, Molina MJ. Vehicle traffic as a source of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Environ Sci Technol.2004;38:2584–92.

Amador-Muñoz 0,Villalobos-Pietrini R,Miranda J, Vera-Avila LE. Organic compounds of PM2.5 in Mexico Valley: Spatial and temporal patterns,behavior and sources. Science of the Total Environment .2011;409:1453–1465.

Sioutas C, Delfino RJ, Singh M. Exposure assessment for atmospheric ultrafine particles (UFPs) and implications in epidemiologic research. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005; 113. (8):947–955.

Samara C & Voutsa D. Size distribution of airborne particulate matter and associated heavy metals in the roadside environment. Journal Chemosphere.2005; 59:1197-1206.

Traversi D, Degan R, De Marco R, Gilli G, Pignata C, Villani S, Bono R. Mutagenic properties of PM2.5 urban pollution in Northern Italy: the nitro-compounds contribution. Environment International.2009;35: 905–910.

Dominici F, Peng RD, Bell ML, Pham L, McDermott A, Zeger SL, Samet JM.Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. J. Am. Med. Assoc.2006;295:1127–1134.

Billet S, Abbas I, Le Goff J, Verdin A, Andre V, Lafargue PE, Hachimi A, Cazier F, Sichel F, Shirali P, Garçon G. Genotoxic potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-coated onto airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) in human lung epithelial A549 cells. Cancer Letters.2008; 270(1): 144-155.

Piñeiro M, López P, Muniategui S, Prada D, Querol X, Alastuey A.'A new method for the simultaneous determination of PAH and metals in samples of atmospheric particulate matter.Atmospheric Environment. ;37: 4171- 4175.

Xiao-Yang Yang, Kazuhiko Igarashi, NingTang,Jin-MingLin. Indirect- and direct-acting mutagenicity of diesel, coal and wood burning-derived particulates and contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Research.2010;695:29–34. Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China.

EPA Method TO-13A, Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Ambient Air Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)” Second Edition U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268 January 1999: -43.

IARC.International Agency for Research on Cancer. Some Nonheterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures,IARC Monogr, Eval.Carcinog.Risk.Hum.2010; 92: 773.

Castro D, Slezakova K, Oliva-Teles MT, Delerue-Matos C, Alvim-Ferraz MC, Morais S, Pereira MC. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate samples by microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography. J. Sep. Sci.2009; 32:501–510.

Slezakova K, Castro D, Pereira MC, Morais S, Delerue-Matos C, AlvimFerraz MCM. Influence of traffic emissions on the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in outdoor breathable particles, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc.2010;60:393.

Ravindra K, Bencs L, Wauters E, de Hoog J, Deutsch F, Roekens E, Bleux N, Bergmans P, Van Grieken R. Seasonal and site specific variation in vapor and aerosol phase PAHs over Flanders (Belgium) and their relation with anthropogenic activities, Atmos. Environ.2006; 40: 771–785.

Castro D, Slezakova K, DelerueMatos C,Alvim-Ferraz MC,Morais S,Pereira MCM. Contribution of traffic and tobacco smoke in the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on outdoor and indoor PM2.5.Glob.Nest.J.2010;12:3–11.

Guo H, Lee SC, Ho KF, Wang XM, Zou SC. Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong, Atmos. Environ. 2003;37: –5317.

IARC, Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene, IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risk. Hum.2002; 82.

Novotna B, Topinka J, Solansky I, Chvatalova I, Lnenickova Z, Sram RJ. Impact of air pollution and genotype variability on DNA damage in Prague policemen. Toxicology Letters. ;172: 37e47.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24054/01204211.v2.n2.2015.1799

Enlaces refback

  • No hay ningún enlace refback.