Salas Jokumsen
| Resumen biográfico |
Identification, ecological reconstruction and environmentally sustainable alternatives are necessary for the management of contaminated soils (Butnariu, 2015). Faria and Young (2010) suggested some criteria as being good indicators of soil contamination, including contamination levels being easily measurable, plants being able to handle extreme conditions and being sensitive to management changes. Several biogeochemical factors have been proposed to indicate soil contamination (He et al., 2015b). These include: • chemical indicators (total/recoverable content, available/extractable amount and fractionation); • biochemical indicators (enzyme activity and FDA hydrolysis); • microbial indicators (biomass, quotient, specific respiration, metabolic quotient and community structure); • soil animal indicators (earthworm-quantity and variety); and • plant indicators (biomass yield, uptake of metals and metal accumulation in edible parts). Although measuring the total and recoverable heavy metal content is the most common indicator of soil contamination, from a bioavailability point of view, the determination of available or extractable amounts of heavy metals is the most practical measure. contaminated land consultants is an early indicator of soil contamination since it is closely related to the nutrient cycle and physicochemical changes in soil biology. β-glucosidase enzyme has been found to protect substrate mycelium growth and acts as an indicator for heavy metal contamination (Bonet et al., 2012). Phosphatase enzyme activity was found to increase in heavy-metal-contaminated soils where phosphates were precipitated as metal phosphates, which are sparingly soluble (Wang et al., 2012). Dehydrogenase enzyme activity is related to the respiratory potential of soil microbiota and was found to be sensitive to pollution of heavy metals such as Cd, Pb and Zn (Wyszkowska and Wyszkowski, 2010). In addition, microbial growth and activity were decreased by excessive Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn in the soil (Bhattacharyya et al., 2008a). Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis was found to be inhibited by 100 and 2400 mg kg−1 of Pb2+ activity in two Chinese red soils (Jin-Yan et al., 2014). Adverse relationships between heavy metals and FDA hydrolysis were found, due to acid metal stress (Li et al., 2009). Soil microbiological activity has been proven to be an important reflection of soil enzymatic activity for the biogeochemical cycle of C, N, P and other nutrients. Microbial biomass can also serve as a reservoir of easily available nutrients and plays a critical role in nutrient transformation (Brookes, 1995; Garcia et al., 2004; Singh et al., 1989). |